- Programming Languages
- High-level Programming Languages
- An Example Problem
- An Example Program
- Analysis of Temperature Program
- How to Write a Computer Program
- A Quadratic Equation Solver
- The Testing Phase
- Software Errors
- The Compilation Process
- Compiler Switches
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer network that use the standard internet protocol site (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is anetwork of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast array of information sources and services, most notably the inter-linked Hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WW) and the infrastructure to support electronic Mail.
Most traditional communications media, such as telephone and television services, are reshaped or redefined using the technologies of the Internet, giving rise to services such as voice over internet protocol (VoIP) and IPTV. Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into websites, blogging and Web feeds. The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions through instant massaging, internet forums, and social networking sites.
The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s when the United States funded research projects of its military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. This research and a period of civilian funding of a new U.S.backbone by the National Science Foundation spawned worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and led to the Commercialization of an international network in the mid 1990s, and resulted in the following popularization of countless applications in virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet.
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An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a Computer Network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes.[1] An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."[2]
The designers of TCP/IP defined an IP address as a 32-bit number[1] and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 or IPv4, is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the resulting depletion of available addresses, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995[3] and last standardized by RFC 2460 in 1998.[4] Although IP addresses are stored as binary numbers, they are usually displayed in Human-readable notations, such as 208.77.188.166 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:1:1 (for IPv6).
The Internet Protocol also routes data packets between networks; IP addresses specify the locations of the source and destination nodes in the topology of the routing system. For this purpose, some of the bits in an IP address are used to designate a subnetwork. The number of these bits is indicated in CIDR notation, appended to the IP address; e.g., 208.77.188.166/24.
As the development of private networks raised the threat of IPv4 address exhaustion, RFC 1918 set aside a group of private address spaces that may be used by anyone on private networks. They are often used with network address translator to connect to the global public Internet.
The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA), which manages the IP address space allocations globally, cooperates with five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to Local Internet Registries (Internet service providers) and other entities.
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